Should I Cite Same Source Again Apa
APA in-text citation
This page describes the correct format for in-text citations in APA (7th edition):
- Bones format
- Many authors
- Quotations and block quotations
- Folio numbers
- Reference within a source (secondary source)
- Citing a source multiple times in i paragraph
- Championship in author position
- Entries with the aforementioned writer(s) and twelvemonth of publication
- Multiple sources inside the aforementioned brackets
- Personal communications
New to referencing? Come across the introduction to referencing.
Basic format
When you have used a source in an consignment it is necessary to credit the source for the reader. See why reference for the reasons why this is of import.
This credit appears in ii places: within the torso of the assignment (the in-text citation) and at the end of the assignment (in the reference listing). For every in-text citation there should be a matching entry in the reference list, and vice versa.
the in-text citation contains basic information nigh the source:
- The source's author(s)
- The year of publication
- The page number (sometimes)
The reference list contains more detailed information about the source: the title, publishing details, etc.
An in-text citation looks like this:
When testing the usability of a website, information technology is necessary to gather demographic information about the users (Lazar, 2006).
Note that the full terminate only comes afterwards the endmost subclass, and that merely the surname (family proper noun) of the author is used.
The author's proper name tin can as well exist incorporated into a sentence in the assignment, in which case it is moved outside the brackets:
Lazar (2006) notes that a primal part of usability testing is agreement the demographics of the users.
An in-text citation is needed whenever you have used information, ideas, concepts, or facts from another source. If y'all have paraphrased, summarised, or quoted another author, you demand to provide an in-text citation.
Sometimes a source will have more than one author, no writer, or no yr of publication. Encounter referencing elements for what to do in these situations.
In some rare cases in that location will be two different sources with the same author and year of publication. In these cases, a lower-instance alphabetic character is attached to the twelvemonth to distinguish them. Come across same twelvemonth, same writer for details.
In-text citations for works with three or more authors include only the kickoff writer's name and "et al." (which ways "and others" in Latin) in all citations, including the first in-text citation:
(Smith et al., 2020).
Smith et al. (2020).
Smith et al. (2020) noted that…
Smith et al.'s (2020) research identified…
According to Smith et al.'s (2020) findings, the three fundamental…
The earlier (6th) edition of APA formats this differently. Encounter sixth vs. 7th for details.
Quotations and block quotations
Directly quotations are usually put inside quotation marks (" "), followed by the reference:
When gathering data it is important to remember that "only relevant types of demographic information should exist requested" (Lazar, 2006, p. 52).
If a quotation is longer than xl words, no quotation marks are used, and the quotation is indented instead:
Lazar (2006) describes the fragile balance of survey blueprint:
Only relevant types of demographic information should be requested. Request inappropriate questions in a survey, interview, or focus group lessens the likelihood that users will respond. Also, if too many questions are asked, users are less likely to reply. (p. 52)
The number of questions depends greatly on…
Note that when you indent a directly quote, the full cease comes before the bracket.
Quotations should be identical to the original source, simply some small changes tin can be fabricated. See quoting for details.
Page numbers
Whenever a source has been quoted word-for-word, a folio number must be provided:
When gathering information it is important to remember that "but relevant types of demographic information should be requested" (Lazar, 2006, p. 52).
The abbreviation "p." (not "pg." or "folio') is used here. If you cannot find a page number, see no folio numbers.
If you have only paraphrased or summarised a source, a page number is not compulsory under APA style. However, it can assistance readers to include it, especially for longer texts:
Although it is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the commendation for a paraphrase, you may include 1 in addition to the author and year when it would help interested readers locate the relevant passage within a long or complex piece of work (e.m., a book). (American Psychological Association, 2020, p. 269)
Many lecturers prefer you to provide a page number in every in-text commendation. Some lecturers only want page numbers for straight quotations. If unsure, ask your form coordinator for clarification.
Reference within a source (secondary source)
Many bookish books and journal manufactures quote earlier books or manufactures on the same topic. If yous cannot admission the original source (information technology is out of print, or unavailable through the library), yous can cite the secondary source instead:
The piece of work of Chi (every bit cited in Lazar, 2006)…
In this case, the quoted source (the original source) is Chi. The quoting source (the secondary source) is Lazar (2006). The original source is mentioned outset, followed by "every bit cited in" and and then the secondary source.
If desired, the date of the quoted source (the original source) can also be included in the in-text citation:
The work of Chi (2004, every bit cited in Lazar, 2006)…
Because you lot have not viewed Chi it only appears in the in-text citation, non in the reference list. The secondary source (Lazar, 2006) should be listed in the reference list, according to the normal format for that type of source.
If an unabridged article or affiliate has been reproduced exactly in another source (photocopied, for example), you can cite the original source and disregard the secondary source. See Massey University books of readings for details.
Citing a source multiple times in one paragraph
Sometimes you demand to go into more detail about ane particular source. Putting an in-text citation afterward every sentence that comes from that source would look awful and break the flow of your writing… but leaving the in-text citations out risks plagiarism.
Introduce the source early in the paragraph, with the author as office of the sentence rather than in brackets:
Lazar (2006) describes several aspects of the information gathering process.
For the rest of the paragraph, yous can refer back to the writer past name or pronoun when elaborating on their ideas:
He notes that the relevance and number of questions can affect participation rates. Lazar also plant that…
If it is articulate to the reader that all the ideas come from that same source, there is no risk of plagiarism and the paragraph flows well.
Notation that if yous put the author'southward name in brackets afterward in the paragraph (for example, if you include a quotation from that source) you lot should always include the twelvemonth of publication in the brackets.
Title in author position
In some sources no individual or group author is listed. This is often true for magazine / newspaper manufactures and encyclopædia entries. In these situations, a shortened version of the source's championship (usually the offset ii or three words) is used instead of the writer in the in-text citation:
("Beehive updating chore," 2007)
Run across referencing elements for details.
Entries with the same author(due south) and yr of publication
In some rare cases, yous may need to reference two different sources that accept the aforementioned author and the same year of publication.
Meet same author, same yr for details.
Multiple sources inside the same brackets
If you want to include several unlike citations in one fix of brackets, they should be in alphabetical order, separated past semi-colons:
(Durie, 2013; McShane & Travaglione, 2007; Ministry building of Education, 2016)
If at that place are several citations from one fix of authors, the writer(s) is listed, then each different year of publication, separated past commas:
(Ministry building of Pedagogy, 2016, 2020)
These two styles can be combined:
(Durie, 2013; Ministry of Education, 2016, 2020)
Personal communications
Personal communications describe any kind of source that is not 'archived.' This includes e-mails, conversations, interviews, lectures, and and then forth. Readers cannot admission these sources, so they should not be included in the reference listing. Instead, they are listed equally a special type of in-text commendation only:
(T. Williams, personal communication, November ix, 2019)
The starting time initial(due south) and surname of the source are given, followed by the words "personal communication" and the date of contact.
As with any other in-text citation, the name can be moved out of the brackets and into a sentence:
According to T. Williams (personal communication, Nov 9, 2019), the …
Remember that printed and verified sources are normally more reliable than personal communications; encounter evaluating source quality for details.
References and further reading
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (seventh ed.). [Massey Library link]
The example quotations on this folio are taken from the following book:
Lazar, J. (2006). Web usability: A user-centered blueprint approach. Pearson Addison Wesley. [Massey Library link]
Disclaimer
These pages are provided as a guide to proper referencing. Your course, department, school, or institute may prescribe specific conventions, and their recommendations supervene upon these instructions. If you have questions not covered here, check in the way guide listed in a higher place, inquire your course coordinator, or ask at Academic Q+A.
Source: https://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/apa-in-text-citation.php
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